TECHNOLOGY
Open red gate

Offline Double Spend

The hardest technical problem in offline digital bearer money.

In this section
Technology OverviewDigital Bearer ObjectsCryptography and TrustWallet Identity and CertificationTransfer ProtocolOffline TechnologyAtomic TransferOffline Double Spend
01

The attack

A malicious device attempts to use the same prior valid ownership state with more than one receiver before any universal reconciliation is available.

02

Why a blockchain is not simply assumed

A universal ledger can order transactions globally, but NĪNUOR deliberately explores direct private circulation without requiring every ordinary transfer to enter such a ledger.

03

Target direction

The current research direction is hardware protected single state transfer in which the old economically usable state cannot survive a valid ownership transition.

04

Attack before trust

Cloning, rollback, backups, reinstallation, time manipulation, replay, rooted devices, counterfeit wallets and malicious counterparties must be tested deliberately.

Project ownershipMAS FRANCE SAS · France

NĪNUOR is developed and owned by MAS FRANCE SAS. Regulated operating roles will be identified separately where required before activation.